MS-13: How a Salvadoran Street Gang Became the Greatest Enemy of the President of the United States

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Ten years ago, El Salvador was the most dangerous country in the world. The authorities declared war on street and prison gangs, and the murder rate fell 50-fold. 1.3% of the country’s population was sent to prison. Many ended up there without trial – and with no hope of ever being released.

In February 2025, the administration of US President Donald Trump signed an agreement with El Salvador to deport migrants and criminals to El Salvador, regardless of their citizenship (including US citizens). In the mid-2000s, El Salvador was the country with the highest murder rate in the world, but in ten years, the authorities managed to reduce this figure by 50 times, not least thanks to extremely harsh policies, including mass raids, arrests without trial and detention based solely on appearance.

The root causes of the high crime rate and the enormous influence of gangs in El Salvador lie in the civil war that lasted from 1979 to 1992. As a result of the fighting, which killed more than 75,000 people, more than a million Salvadorans became refugees. Many of them ended up in Los Angeles. At that time, there was a high level of crime, and in many poor neighbourhoods of the city, the streets were controlled by ethnic gangs, consisting mainly of Mexicans or African Americans.

Upon arriving in Los Angeles, Salvadorans formed their own ethnic gang to protect themselves from criminals, which was named Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13. It quickly gained momentum and soon became actively involved in a war with other gangs for control of city neighbourhoods and drug trafficking.

At the same time, Salvadorans also began to join the Barrio 18 gang. Created in the 1970s, it was initially exclusively Mexican, but later began to recruit immigrants from all Central American countries. These two gangs became bitter enemies on the streets of Los Angeles.

After the end of the civil war in El Salvador, the United States began deporting Salvadorans back to their homeland. The authorities tried to expel people associated with street crime first. Many members of MS-13 and Barrio 18 were deported. As a result, thousands of criminals found themselves in a devastated country with a weak government and weak law enforcement, where there were few prospects for a peaceful life, but there were a lot of weapons left over from the civil war.

Former gang members from Los Angeles, who had serious experience of real confrontation with the authorities and competitors, quickly took control of the streets. The growth of the groups was facilitated by the active recruitment of children from the age of ten.

By the 2000s, the number of active members of MS-13 and Barrio 18 was estimated at around 10,000 each, accounting for about 0.5% of the total population of El Salvador.

Several tens of thousands more people, who were not members of the gangs, provided them with assistance. The groups fought each other for resources and territory with extreme brutality, even compared to Mexican cartels and groups from neighbouring countries.

In the 2000s and 2010s, the Salvadoran authorities fought the gangs using a variety of methods. They preferred mass arrests and harsher punishments for links to gangs, but the gangs responded with even more violence on the streets. The number of murders in El Salvador in the 2000s never fell below 50-60 per 100,000 people.

The government periodically tried to negotiate with criminals. For example, in 2012, with the mediation of the Catholic Church, the authorities concluded an unofficial ‘truce’ with MS-13 and Barrio 18: in exchange for easing the regime of detention of gang leaders in prisons and investing in disadvantaged areas, the groups promised to stop the killings.

The level of violence did indeed fall, with the number of murders dropping by two to three times, but in practice, the gangs used the relaxation of control by the authorities to strengthen their own influence. In 2014, amid international pressure and ambivalence within El Salvador itself, the ‘truce’ ended. MS-13 and Barrio 18 responded with a wave of violence, and in 2015, the murder rate reached 107.6 per 100,000 people. The country ranked first in the world in terms of this indicator.

In 2019, Nayib Bukele was elected president of El Salvador. He initially tried to tackle crime by holding secret talks with MS-13 and Barrio 18. The government again promised to ease prison conditions and reduce pressure on gang leaders.

However, amid criticism of the secret negotiations, Bukele abruptly changed his strategy. This was triggered by events in March 2022, when 87 people were killed in the country in three days. The authorities introduced a state of emergency (initially for one month, but it has since been extended more than 30 times), after which they announced the launch of an unprecedented campaign, which in its severity far exceeded all previous attempts to resolve the issue by force. As a result, by the beginning of 2023, more than 60,000 people had been arrested.

The state of emergency allowed the government to restrict the rights of those suspected of gang involvement to legal defence and privacy of correspondence, as well as to detain them without trial for 15 days on formal grounds (and often without any grounds at all).

In August 2022, Bukele announced the construction of a new prison for 40,000 inmates. It was ready in less than six months. This prison became a symbol of the government’s new war against gangs. Neither in El Salvador nor anywhere else in the world had prisons with such a high level of security been built before. The authorities repeatedly assured that it was impossible to escape from there and emphasised that none of the prisoners who ended up there would ever be released: according to Bukele’s government, everyone who ended up there must remain there for the rest of their lives.

The prison, officially named the Terrorist Detention Centre (Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo, CECOT), is located in a sparsely populated mountainous area in central El Salvador. The complex itself covers an area of 23 hectares, with a further 140 hectares of surrounding land under constant surveillance. The complex is rectangular in shape, surrounded by 11-metre-high concrete walls topped with barbed wire and motion sensors. At the time of its opening, there were eight hangars with cells enclosed by their own walls.

Initially, the prison was designed to hold 20,000 people, but its capacity was later increased to 40,000. The current number of prisoners is unknown. The last time the authorities officially announced the number (14,532) was in June 2024, and later the exact figures were not disclosed, allegedly for security reasons. In April 2025, the prison chief said that the number of prisoners was ‘approaching’ the maximum possible.

Prisoners are held in shared cells that can accommodate up to 150 people. Each cell has rows of four-tier beds, two sinks and two holes in the floor. A fundamental innovation introduced by the authorities is that members of rival gangs are distributed randomly among the cells. All prisoners wear identical white shorts and T-shirts, and their heads are shaved every five days.

Prisoners spend 23.5 hours a day in their cells, during which time they can only stand or sit on their beds. The lights are never turned off, even at night, and the cells are under 24-hour video surveillance. Every day, prisoners are taken out into a common corridor for half an hour, where they do physical exercises on command or listen to sermons by a priest. They do not leave the hangar – President Bukele has specifically emphasised that the criminals will not see ‘a single ray of sunlight’.

Each of the 150 inmates is given two Bibles, and no other items are allowed. Prisoners are not allowed to have any personal belongings, including books, writing materials or paper. Talking is not prohibited, but attempts to establish a hierarchy or pass messages within the block are punished.

Every day, prisoners receive the same food. This consists of rice, pasta or legumes, as well as water and tortillas. They are never given meat – according to the authorities, this is done deliberately to avoid talk that criminals are eating better than ordinary citizens at the expense of the state. All food is packed in plastic containers and eaten with the hands, as cutlery is prohibited.

Consultations with lawyers take place in separate rooms in the same building; from there, prisoners participate in court hearings via video link. Contact with the outside world is extremely limited. Formally, prisoners have the right to correspond, but in practice such permits are rarely granted, all letters are subject to strict censorship and are often simply not sent to the addressee. Personal visits by relatives are sometimes allowed in exceptional cases, for example, if a prisoner is seriously ill or dying. Officially, this is justified by the need to prevent the transfer of information from gang leaders to the outside world.

Interaction between prisoners and guards is also kept to a minimum. Cell doors are opened only from the command post, which is located in a separate building. There are several hundred guards in the prison, as well as military and police officers on duty outside. All of them undergo a thorough search at the beginning and end of their shift.

Prisoners who fail to comply with the rules are sent to solitary confinement for up to two weeks. There they sit in complete darkness – the only source of light is a hole in the ceiling a few centimetres in diameter. The cell has a concrete sink, a toilet and a concrete slab for a bed. Food is delivered to those in solitary confinement through a slot in the door.

Collective punishment is also used in the prison: for example, if one prisoner breaks the rules, the entire cell may have their food rations restricted.

In total, as part of the war on gangs, the authorities have arrested more than 85,000 people (1.3% of El Salvador’s population) in three years. Three-quarters of these arrests took place in the first months of the state of emergency, even before the CECOT prison was built.

Human rights activists point out that in many cases, arrests are based on anonymous complaints or the appearance of suspects, and in poor areas, detentions are effectively carried out according to quotas set by the police leadership. At the same time, it is extremely difficult for innocent people to regain their freedom once they have been arrested.

Of the 85,000 arrested, only about 8,000 (as of the end of 2024) were eventually released. These were mainly people who, during further checks, showed no obvious signs of links to gangs, such as tattoos or previous convictions. In fact, the authorities apply the principle of presumption of guilt to those detained. At the same time, according to human rights defenders, prisoners are regularly subjected to torture in prisons. Since the beginning of the state of emergency, more than 300 people have died in custody, most of these deaths were violent.

As for the CECOT complex itself, since the prison was put into operation, not a single person has been released from there (at least officially), as promised by the authorities. At the same time, the criteria for transfer to this prison remain extremely opaque: it is done on the basis of decisions by the Ministry of Justice, often without a separate court ruling. Most of those transferred there are people who have been identified as active members of MS-13 or Barrio 18, but it is also possible to end up there simply for disciplinary offences in another prison or as part of another show of force by the authorities.

In 2024, the BBC told the story of one of the CECOT prisoners, José Duval Mati, a truck driver who was arrested during a raid in 2022. His trial, along with 350 other detainees, lasted only a few minutes. He was sentenced to six months in prison with the possibility of indefinite extension.

A few months later, the case was reviewed, Mata was found not guilty, and the court ordered his immediate release, but he was re-arrested at the prison gates. A year later, another judge issued a second ruling for his release, but it was never enforced. Moreover, Mata found himself in CECOT prison under unclear circumstances.

A BBC correspondent personally told President Bukele about Mata’s case when interviewing him, and later sent the case materials at the request of his office and reminded him about it several times in conversations with the vice president. However, the prisoner, who had been found innocent twice, was never released. It is not known whether he is alive or what has happened to him.

In ten years, El Salvador has gone from being the country with the highest murder rate per capita to one of the safest countries in this regard. At the end of 2024, there were 1.9 murders per 100,000 people.

However, this trend began even before President Nayib Bukele declared war on the gangs. From a record 107.6 murders per 100,000 people in 2015, by 2019 (when Bukele came to power) it had fallen to 38.5, and by the end of 2021 (before the state of emergency was declared) it stood at 17.3 – already below the regional average.

There were many reasons for this trend, including the actions of previous governments, which combined increased police operations with local informal agreements with gangs, and the growth of communities fighting gang influence at the local level through active work with children and young people. Critics argue that Bukele’s extraordinary measures have merely ‘privatised’ a positive dynamic that began without his involvement.




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